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Research Article
Online Published: 14 Jun 2025
 


Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria

Aminu Koko Rabiu, Jimoh T Kehende, Yusuf Haruna, Murtala M. Ambursa, Farooq Atiku.


Abstract
The presence of pesticide residues in food poses a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries where monitoring and regulatory enforcement are often inadequate. This study assessed the levels and potential health risks of organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in three commonly consumed vegetables—cucumber, tomato, and red bell pepper—collected from markets in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Pesticide residue analysis was performed using QuEChERS method followed by GC-MS detection. Health risk was evaluated by estimating the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Hazard Quotient (HQ), based on vegetable consumption rates and Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) values from international databases. The results revealed the presence of several OCPs including gamma- and delta-lindane, endosulfan ether, p,p'-DDT, and its metabolites (m,p'-DDD), with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.08 mg/kg. While the HQ values for most pesticides were below 1, indicating no immediate health risk, the cumulative Hazard Index (HI) for tomatoes (0.98467) approached the safety threshold, suggesting potential long-term risk. Cucumber and red bell pepper had lower HI values (0.12907 and 0.34100, respectively), indicating relatively safer profiles. The frequent detection of banned or restricted OCPs highlights the persistence of these chemicals in the environment or their possible illegal use. The study underscores the need for improved pesticide regulation, routine residue monitoring, and increased public awareness on food safety practices. These findings can inform policymakers, regulatory agencies, and public health stakeholders in developing effective strategies to reduce dietary pesticide exposure and safeguard consumer health.

Key words: Pesticide residues, health risk assessment, vegetables, organochlorines, food safety


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Rabiu AK, Kehende JT, Haruna Y, Ambursa MM, Atiku F. Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Equijost. Online First: 14 Jun, 2025.

Web Style

Rabiu AK, Kehende JT, Haruna Y, Ambursa MM, Atiku F. Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. https://www.equijost.com/?mno=259467 [Access: June 27, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Rabiu AK, Kehende JT, Haruna Y, Ambursa MM, Atiku F. Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Equijost. Online First: 14 Jun, 2025.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Rabiu AK, Kehende JT, Haruna Y, Ambursa MM, Atiku F. Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Equijost, [cited June 27, 2026]; Online First: 14 Jun, 2025.


Harvard Style

Rabiu, A. K., Kehende, . J. T., Haruna, . Y., Ambursa, . M. M. & Atiku, . F. (0) Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Equijost, Online First: 14 Jun, 2025.


Turabian Style

Rabiu, Aminu Koko, Jimoh T Kehende, Yusuf Haruna, Murtala M. Ambursa, and Farooq Atiku. 0. Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, Online First: 14 Jun, 2025.


Chicago Style

Rabiu, Aminu Koko, Jimoh T Kehende, Yusuf Haruna, Murtala M. Ambursa, and Farooq Atiku. "Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria." Equity Journal of Science and Technology Online First: 14 Jun, 2025.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Rabiu, Aminu Koko, Jimoh T Kehende, Yusuf Haruna, Murtala M. Ambursa, and Farooq Atiku. "Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria." Equity Journal of Science and Technology Online First: 14 Jun, 2025. Web. 27 Jun 2026


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Rabiu, A. K., Kehende, . J. T., Haruna, . Y., Ambursa, . M. M. & Atiku, . F. (0) Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, Online First: 14 Jun, 2025.




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