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Research Article
Online Published: 31 May 2026
 


Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.

Mohammed Aliyu Mahuta, Ibrahim Sani Shabanda, Gwani Mohammed, Hannatu Abubakar Sani.


Abstract
Heavy metals pollution is a critical issue affecting the safety of drinking water especially with regards to anthropogenic activities that are increasing the human risks of the different water sources. This study seeks to explore the health risks of heavy metals in drinking water sources along the Sokoto-Rima basin in Kebbi state. Samples were collected from boreholes, open wells and river sites. Eight heavy metals that includes Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, As, Mn and Cr were analyzed via the AAS. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals were utilized to evaluate the water heavy metal non-cancerogenic and cancerogenic risks. The mean concentration results of Zn, Cd, Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn and Cr were within their WHO standard limits while As and Cd levels are above the standard limits. Health risk analysis indicated oral hazard index HI ranging from 2.58E+0 to 3.19E+0 for adults and 9.61E+0 to 1.20E+1 for the children while dermal HI ranges from 2.40E+0 to 2.64E+0 for the adults and 1.60E+1 to 1.62E+1 for the children. The HI thus indicates the drinking water to possess non-cancerous risks because of the HI>1 result. The oral cancer risks TCR ranges from 2.51E-3 to 2.77E-3 for the adults and 8.43E-3 to 9.5E-3 for the children while the dermal cancer risks TCR range from 7.24E-3 to 9.49E-3 for the adults and 4.34E-2 to 6.27E-2 for the children. The TCR values for both oral and dermal coupled with adults/children indicates the analyzed water to possess cancer risk potentials because the TCR are above the WHO 10-6 to 10-4 cancer risk boarder line. The HI and TCR of the children are all greater than the respective values of the adults indicating children are at higher risks for both non-cancerous and cancerous diseases of water exposures.

Key words: Heavy metals, Health risks, Drinking water, Kebbi state, sokoto- rima basin


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Mahuta MA, Shabanda IS, Mohammed G, Sani HA. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.. Equijost. Online First: 31 May, 2026.

Web Style

Mahuta MA, Shabanda IS, Mohammed G, Sani HA. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.. https://www.equijost.com/?mno=259727 [Access: June 29, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Mahuta MA, Shabanda IS, Mohammed G, Sani HA. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.. Equijost. Online First: 31 May, 2026.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Mahuta MA, Shabanda IS, Mohammed G, Sani HA. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.. Equijost, [cited June 29, 2026]; Online First: 31 May, 2026.


Harvard Style

Mahuta, M. A., Shabanda, . I. S., Mohammed, . G. & Sani, . H. A. (0) Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.. Equijost, Online First: 31 May, 2026.


Turabian Style

Mahuta, Mohammed Aliyu, Ibrahim Sani Shabanda, Gwani Mohammed, and Hannatu Abubakar Sani. 0. Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, Online First: 31 May, 2026.


Chicago Style

Mahuta, Mohammed Aliyu, Ibrahim Sani Shabanda, Gwani Mohammed, and Hannatu Abubakar Sani. "Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.." Equity Journal of Science and Technology Online First: 31 May, 2026.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Mahuta, Mohammed Aliyu, Ibrahim Sani Shabanda, Gwani Mohammed, and Hannatu Abubakar Sani. "Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.." Equity Journal of Science and Technology Online First: 31 May, 2026. Web. 29 Jun 2026


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Mahuta, M. A., Shabanda, . I. S., Mohammed, . G. & Sani, . H. A. (0) Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals In Boreholes, Wells and Rivers Water Water samples in Towns and Villages of Kebbi State Along Sokoto-rima Basin.. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, Online First: 31 May, 2026.




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