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Research Article
Online Published: 12 Apr 2026
 


Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication

Nosa Samuel Igbinigie, Oluwatomilola Andre-obayanju, Alexander Ogbamikhumi.


Abstract
The beautiful application of clays is exquisite yet a stumbling block. For this study, a total of ten (10) samples of cretaceous/Tertiary clay taken from Oduna (Benin Fm), Okada (Imo Fm) and Etsako (Mamu Fm) all in Anambra basin in Southwestern Nigeria were studied to determine, if the source rock is responsible for the variation in geochemistry and geotechnical behavior. Using provenance studies, tectonic setting to assess possible application, evaluation and constrain of these clay for industrial potentials and geotechnical Limitations. The Geochemical analysis Xray Fluorescence (XRF) and mineralogy analysis Xray Diffractogram (XRD) was to determine the qualitative (types of clays) and quantitative (compositions of each mineral in clay component) and the mineralogy percentages in the clays.From the Geochemical Tests, the XRF, the clays have high oxides in Silicate SiO2 Alumina Al2O3, Iron Fe2O3, Magnesium MgO, Calcium oxide CaO, Titanium oxide TiO2, Manganese Mn. The XRD data shows that clays of the Oduna and Etsako are Kaolinitic clays with Quartz, Microcline, Anatase, Hematite and Goethite, while clays in Okada are Montmorillonitic and Kaolinitic with Quartz, Palygorskite and Calcite. The Provenance studies having values of CIA (75.81–100.00) and CIW (Chemical Index of Weathering) (71.06–100.00) of the clays sample suggest that clays are from Moderate to extreme weathering (humid tropical region) of Igneous rocks of Granite, Rhyolite and Basalt in a passive tectonic setting with the depostional history are determined as follows Oduna - Alluvial, Etsako - and Okada – Marginal Marine. Which is agreement with the geological and geochemistry of cretaceous rocks.These clay deposits meet the requirement for some specific industrial purposes such as Ceramics, fillers, drilling mud but for engineering constructions, the Okada clays, If it hasto are to be used for to its maximization, they are to be enhanced to meet the needed requirement and/or stabilized to increase longevity of in construction in Engineering.

Key words: Clays; Benin; Palygorskite, Engineering geology


 
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Pubmed Style

Igbinigie NS, Andre-obayanju O, Ogbamikhumi A. Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication. Equijost. Online First: 12 Apr, 2026.

Web Style

Igbinigie NS, Andre-obayanju O, Ogbamikhumi A. Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication. https://www.equijost.com/?mno=259776 [Access: June 28, 2026].

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Igbinigie NS, Andre-obayanju O, Ogbamikhumi A. Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication. Equijost. Online First: 12 Apr, 2026.


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Igbinigie NS, Andre-obayanju O, Ogbamikhumi A. Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication. Equijost, [cited June 28, 2026]; Online First: 12 Apr, 2026.


Harvard Style

Igbinigie, N. S., Andre-obayanju, . O. & Ogbamikhumi, . A. (0) Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication. Equijost, Online First: 12 Apr, 2026.


Turabian Style

Igbinigie, Nosa Samuel, Oluwatomilola Andre-obayanju, and Alexander Ogbamikhumi. 0. Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, Online First: 12 Apr, 2026.


Chicago Style

Igbinigie, Nosa Samuel, Oluwatomilola Andre-obayanju, and Alexander Ogbamikhumi. "Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication." Equity Journal of Science and Technology Online First: 12 Apr, 2026.


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Igbinigie, Nosa Samuel, Oluwatomilola Andre-obayanju, and Alexander Ogbamikhumi. "Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication." Equity Journal of Science and Technology Online First: 12 Apr, 2026. Web. 28 Jun 2026


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Igbinigie, N. S., Andre-obayanju, . O. & Ogbamikhumi, . A. (0) Embracing Relational studies using Geochemistry, Provenance and mineralogy of Cretaceous –Tertiary clays variations in parts of Southwestern Nigeria and possible Engineering implication. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, Online First: 12 Apr, 2026.




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